_______________________________________________________
For Immediate Release: July 11, 2016
Contact: Jane Spies: phone: 330-619-0730 or 234-201-0402
or e-mail: frackfreemahoning@gmail.com
______________________________________________________
Frackfree
Mahoning Valley (FMV), an anti-fracking group whose members live in an area
that experienced man-made earthquakes in northeastern Ohio, will participate in
a prayer service/vigil conducted by Reverend Monica Beasley-Martin and hold an informational
rally on Tuesday, July 12, 2016, at 12 noon to 1 PM, just west of 4555
McCartney Road, Coitsville, Ohio, 44436, near an injection well site. The
public and media are invited to attend.
FMV
will demand that the Ohio Department of Natural Resources (ODNR) release
details of the 30-foot “geyser” and industrial activity seen at an injection
well site that had experienced a 2011 spill. The group wants transparency and a
public ODNR meeting, preferably televised, to be held locally.
FMV
says: We have a right to protect our communities. FMV will call for a halt to
injection wells in Coitsville, Ohio, Niles/Weathersfield, Vienna, Ohio, and others
due to injection wells being a danger to public health, safety, and well-being,
especially those located in populated residential areas.
What
caused this “geyser”? Injection well site, Coitsville, Ohio on June 24, 2016.
Youngstown, Ohio, July 11, 2016 – On June 24, 2016,
a rig and 30-foot “geyser” were witnessed at a Coitsville, Ohio injection well
site, the Collins #6 well. Frackfree
Mahoning Valley (FMV) says the possibility that this Collins injection well
may become operational again is especially concerning considering that there
was a previous spill at this site in 2011, and a nearby Khalil #3 injection well
was not permitted to operate by ODNR since it was too near an area of known
seismic activity. The Collins #6 injection
site is only 7.2 miles from the site of the Northstar #1 injection well that
experienced the now-famous magnitude 4.0 Youngstown earthquake linked to toxic
fracking waste injection.
The
Collins #6 well is only 2.97 miles from the Khalil well and only 5.3 miles away
from the site of the Poland Township, Ohio, earthquakes linked to fracking,
according to calculations by Teresa Mills of The Center for Health, Environment
and Justice (CHEJ - www.chej.org ). Frackfree Mahoning Valley (FMV) believes we
are in an area that is prone to man-made earthquakes (induced seismicity), as
evidenced by past experience and scientific studies or reports. The group is calling for a halt to injection
operations as we are located in an area of known seismic activity, and waste
injection is a risk to protecting public health, safety, and well-being.
Members
of FMV learned that as of July 6, 2016, Coitsville trustees had not yet heard
from ODNR regarding the trustees’ reasonable request for a meeting with ODNR to
discuss ODNR’s plans for the injection well.[1]
Why didn’t ODNR immediately respond to trustees and agree to set up a meeting
to inform the trustees and the public of their plans for the Coitsville, Ohio
injection well site and to tell them what exactly happened on June 24, 2016
that apparently caused what looked like a geyser?
The
public has a right to know what is going on in their own neighborhoods and to
keep themselves and their drinking water, air, and land safe, yet it appears as
though ODNR is not being upfront and responding to the trustees or the public in
a timely or effective manner. FMV says that is unacceptable and a serious lack
of transparency by ODNR.
To
raise awareness of ODNR’s unacceptable lack of responsiveness to the local
community and to raise questions about the Coitsville injection well site and
other injection sites in the area, Frackfree Mahoning Valley (FMV), a local
anti-fracking group whose members live in an area that has experienced man-made
earthquakes linked to both injection wells and fracking, will rally and attend
a sermon and prayer vigil conducted by Reverend Monica Beasley-Martin of Defenders
of the Earth Outreach Mission (www.facebook.com/DefendersOfTheEarthOutreachMission/ ) on Tuesday,
July 12, 2016, at 12 noon to 1 PM, just west of 4555 McCartney Road,
Coitsville, Ohio, 44436, near an injection well site. The public and media are
invited to attend. The group wants to raise awareness and to request a
public ODNR meeting, preferably televised, where ODNR can release details of
the 30-foot “geyser” and industrial activity seen at an injection well site
that had experienced a 2011 drilling mud spill when it was under the ownership
of D & L.[2]
Concerned
citizens have many questions that they want ODNR to immediately answer such as:
From
where did the geyser originate and why?
Was this a blow-out? What was in
the “geyser” fluid seen near the drilling rig?”
Where is the official ODNR report?
Is this well being permanently plugged and closed, or is the well being
“plugged back” with the plan to use it for injection of waste in the near
future? Did ODNR follow correct legal
procedures in transferring a permanently revoked permit from the previous owner
to a new company? How can ODNR transfer
a permanently revoked permit? Who is the new owner and do they have any
previous violations in Ohio or any other states? Why is the sign on the well
apparently in a place where the public cannot easily read it in case of an
emergency?
It is
not clear whether the Coitsville injection well in question is being
permanently plugged never to be operated again, or just “plugged back.” If there are plans to plug back the
Coitsville injection well to a shallower depth than the Precambrian, and start
operations again, FMV says they do not believe that will work to prevent
potential man-made earthquakes. Plugging back into the Mt. Simon formation
won’t work since cement shrinks or can fail,[3] and there is another example of a nearby well
that was shut down after scientists linked it to man-made earthquakes. That well, at the AWMS Weathersfield/Niles,
Ohio site, was not drilled into the Precambrian since ODNR regulators were
supposed to have learned not to do that after the magnitude 4.0 Northstar # 1 Youngstown
injection well quake that occurred on December 31, 2011.[4]
Numerous small earthquakes happened anyway at the Weathersfield/Niles injection
well site, even though the well was drilled into the Mt. Simon and the lessons
that were said to have been learned by regulators did not stop man-made
earthquakes.[5]
Why would regulators think, if they
indeed do think so, that plugging the Coitsville, Ohio injection well back to
the same formation as that in Weathersfield/Niles would prevent
earthquakes? It makes no common sense. Amazingly, the Weathersfield/Niles injection
well case is currently in the courts with an appeal possible of the Oil and Gas
Commission’s correct decision to shut down the deeper injection well due to
earthquakes.[6] We
urge the Oil and Gas Commission and ODNR to stand by their original correct
decision to halt the earthquake-linked injection well. We believe the nearby shallower well should
also be closed.
In
light of the history of the local region, there is good reason for the local
community and surrounding regions or states to be concerned. FMV says it is common sense that you can’t
have injection wells in populated residential areas, or anywhere, in their
opinion. This is because injection wells can be subject to lightning-related explosions
and fires, [7]
man-made earthquakes, toxic waste spills, air emissions, drinking water risks,[8]
and damaged roads from increased truck traffic.
Furthermore,
Coitsville, Ohio is part of a region that has already experienced toxic fracking
waste or injection well-related fiascos including:
--Intentional dumping of fracking waste that got into
the Mahoning River
-- In Vienna, Ohio, a release of fluid near an
injection well operation destroyed two wetlands and killed fish, turtles, and
small mammals. As reported in the WKBN news story, one Vienna resident said
regarding her water source: “It is my only source of water, drinking water,
food source, bathing water. And if that is contaminated, I don’t know what we
are going to do….” [9] We still do not have an official ODNR or
OEPA final report on what exactly
happened there.
-- A five-mile long “brine spill” in Fowler.[10]
We still do not know exactly what was in
the so-called “brine.”
-- “Brine” truck accidents including in Brookfield
and Vienna, Ohio[11]
-- Multiple induced earthquakes linked to injection
wells and hydraulic fracturing (fracking).[12]
As time goes forward from the New Year’s
Eve Youngstown, Ohio, magnitude 4.0 induced quake linked to the Northstar # 1
injection well, we are getting more earthquakes despite regulators suggesting
that they have it all under control – apparently they do not. Now there
have been quakes, not just at the one Northstar #1 Youngstown, Ohio magnitude
4.0 site, but since then, three
or possibly four more man-made earthquake sites regionally including Weathersfield/Niles
(injection well); Poland Township, Ohio ( fracking related); Harrison County, Ohio (fracking related); and Pennsylvania quakes of April, 2016 studied
by scientists as possibly fracking-related.[13]
Previous
quakes near our region include Marietta, Ohio – that occurred between 2010 and
2012 – in the Wayne National Forest area - Long Run Well [14]
( injection related); Ashtabula, Ohio – (injection
related)[15]
; and Painesville, Ohio (suspected
injection-related). See a paper referencing the Painesville earthquakes by seismologist
Art McGarr who wrote:
“There have been additional case histories of
induced earthquakes attributed to wastewater injection in northeastern Ohio
since 1988 at Ashtabula [Seeber et al,
2004] and Youngstown [Kim,
2013]. The Ashtabula case history has
several features that tend to support the case that the Painesville earthquakes
were induced. As will be described below, the larger Ashtabula event occurred
15 years after the start of injection and about 7 km from the injection well
considered to have induced this earthquake [Seeber
et al, 2004]).” (Also see A. McGarr’s discussion of findings of Keranen et
al on the same page). [16]
Clearly,
our region is not suitable for injection wells based upon its history of
man-made earthquakes as described above. FMV believes that ODNR’s continued permitting
of injection of waste is a path to more earthquakes with no assurance that the
potential quakes will stay small or infrequent.
It is not known how large they might get. For example, Oklahoma had a magnitude 5.7
quake that scientists linked to injection.
The question remains regarding what are the effects of even small,
repeated tremors upon infrastructure.
Induced seismicity and all that that entails is not good for our local
tourism, private property values, private property rights, or our public health,
safety, and well-being.
We do
not want more earthquakes, yet, based upon scientific findings, FMV believes that
continued waste fluid injection in our region is reckless and puts our area at
risk of more induced seismicity. Earthquakes
cannot be regulated, and any attempt to do so is foolish and risky, especially
in light of statements made by various scientists about seismicity in
northeastern Ohio. For example, Michael
C. Hansen wrote:
“On the basis
of historic seismic activity, it is likely that large earthquakes with
epicenters in the state would occur in the western Ohio seismic zone or in
northeastern Ohio; there is a lesser possibility of a large earthquake in
southeastern Ohio. Some researchers have
suggested that northeastern Ohio is capable of a maximum magnitude 6.5
earthquake, whereas western Ohio may be capable of producing an event in the 6
to 7 magnitude range (maximum MMI of IX).
These suggestions are speculations at best, because there are inadequate
data to accurately judge the extent of the area available for rupture on any
earthquake – generating fault.”[17]
Jeffrey
L. Fox wrote in his 2004 thesis about Ashtabula, Ohio earthquakes with Hansen
as advisor (p.11):
“On January
20, 2001, a small (2.0 mbLg) foreshock was followed by a 4.5 mbLg mainshock on January 26. This event resulted in about 50 reports of
minor-to-moderate damage in Ashtabula, including breakage of two natural gas
lines.” [18] Fox also wrote in the same thesis:
“More research is needed to investigate the role of
fluids in fault zones, and care should be taken in choosing sites for
waste-fluid injection. […] Although most earthquakes resulting from induced
mechanisms are relatively small in magnitude, a few large ones have been
recorded around M 5.5 (Nicholson & Wesson, 1990). It may only be a matter of time before
another earthquake of this magnitude occurs due to fluid injection. As many fluid injection wells are located in
or near large cities, an earthquake of such large magnitude could be
devastating.” [19]
Further
support for the idea that our area is not suitable for injection comes from a
Vindicator article by Mike Costarella who cited a 1986 Vindicator article
written by “retired YSU geologist, Ann Harris.” In the following passage, Costarella
quoted Harris:
“‘In the
1980’s, new studies of Ohio revealed that the structure of Precambrian bedrock
is very complicated. These studies have
revealed that there is a series of faults in Northeastern Ohio […] This section
of Ohio is known as the Eastern Disturbed Zone.’ ”[20]
FMV
believes permitting and operating injection wells is gambling with the public
health and safety since regulators and scientists have said they do not know
where all of the faults are. Many are unmapped. For instance, the “Findings, Conclusions and
Order of the [Oil & Gas] Commission” that ruled on the AWMS injection well
said with regard to seismicity, geophysics, and injection operations that “… to
a certain extent both the industry and the Division are ‘working with their
eyes closed.’ “ [p. 12, 8/12/15] [21]
Will
Drabold, writing for the Columbus Dispatch, quoted geologist Mark Baranoski : “
‘We know more about the surface of the moon than we do about the basement in
Ohio,’ he said.”[22]
Obviously,
ODNR’s and other states’ attempts to stop induced earthquakes by increasing
seismic monitoring or a “traffic light” system is not working adequately since
induced earthquakes are still occurring. To people, usually industry-related
persons, who say man-made earthquakes are rare, that doesn’t appear to be the
case in our region. We also have reason to believe that is a false statement
for many other locations, including in Oklahoma. It is immoral and reckless to continue
permitting injection when it is well-known that the location of many faults is
unknown. We believe it is experimenting
with communities who were not asked and were not fully informed before
operations took place.
Cost/benefit and public health and
safety analyses would show that injection well operations are not legitimate
business activities as they are too risky to public health, safety, and
well-being. Spills and releases can threaten drinking water. Permitting
injection well operations near dams and practically in the backyard of a family
home and airport in Vienna, Ohio, is reckless and immoral, and should
officially be declared illegal.
An
injection well operation is also near homes, a busy highway, and a small airport
in North Lima, Ohio. If the Coitsville
injection well is started up again, it will be near small businesses in
Coitsville as well as homes. These
injection wells are a cost to communities, not a benefit. That cost can include risks to health and safety,
earthquakes, and risks to private property and tourism. The only ones who make any money from
injection wells is ODNR and a relatively few injection well operators. This is wrong.
ODNR
set a precedent by denying the Khalil well an injection permit based upon their finding that “the Khalil #3 saltwater
injection well is located in close proximity to an area of known seismic
activity.” [23]
This Coitsville Collins #6 well is only 2.97 miles from the Khalil well and
only 7.2 miles from the Northstar #1 injection well, which scientists say
experienced hundreds of tremors, including the widely studied, magnitude 4.0
earthquake of December 31, 2011 that was felt in several surrounding states and
as far away as Canada. The Collins
injection well is also only 5.3 miles from the Poland Township man-made
earthquake site, which is very close to a new earthquake site in Pennsylvania
that is suspected of being linked to fracking.
We believe that this places any
Coitsville injection well in an area of known seismic activity.
According
to the Pittsburgh Post –Gazette regarding those recent, possibly
fracking-related Pennsylvania quakes, “In the meantime, academic researchers have
identified as many as a couple of hundred tiny tremors that preceded the five
detectable quakes, which were themselves too small to be felt by humans. The
pattern mirrors similar so-called microseismic events that were used to
diagnose fracking-related earthquakes just across the border in Ohio.” [24]
In
summary, here are the distances between the Collins #6 well site and other
induced seismicity sites and a map as determined by Teresa Mills of the Center
for Health, Environment and Justice (CHEJ)
:
Collins to Khalil is 2.97 miles
Collins to Weathersfield is
13.5 miles
Collins to Northstar #1
7.2 miles
Collins to Poland township
earthquake site is 5.3 miles
Obviously, these wells are very close to each other. The Khalil well that was denied an injection
permit as described above is less than 3 miles away from Collins # 6 in
Coitsville, for example. A scientific paper raises a good question that may
apply to our local situation. “How
close is close?” According to the
article,
“Another new study, published this week in Science
Advances, found that Oklahoma's earthquake activity has increased in areas
where disposal rates have sky rocketed. However, it raises questions about the
benefits of reducing the injection rates at individual wells. ‘A number of
wells injecting right next to each other could have the same effect as one well
injecting their combined volume,’ says Rall Walsh, a Ph.D. student in
geophysics at Stanford University in Palo Alto, California, and the lead author
of the study. For neighboring wells, he says, the question is, ‘how close is
close?’ “[25]
For
people who claim that injection well earthquakes are rare, FMV says they apparently
are not rare here in the “Eastern Disturbed Zone.” The probability of one large, damaging quake
occurring may be rare, but the potential damage that one quake could cause
should be avoided by stopping injection.
It’s appalling that ODNR would think that injection can be done safely
here. Regulators need to stop pretending that they can control earthquakes via
seismic monitoring.
Some
regulators need to stop promoting the idea that an earthquake traffic light
system can effectively protect the public health and safety. Such a system is not working to stop
earthquakes linked to injection in Oklahoma, and it won’t work here. Furthermore, who will be left with the costs
as injection well companies go bankrupt, go out of business, or just pack up
and leave? The taxpayers will. We don’t want this and can’t afford it. We are
not expendable – no one is.
The
unsolvable problem of the creation of unprecedented massive amounts of fracking
waste with no good safe solution for handling it cannot be ignored. One cannot
logically be for fracking but against fracking waste. The two go together. The creation of fracking
waste with no good solution for its safe “disposal” is a large factor in
assessing the feasibility of large scale fracking and is one reason why FMV
says that fracking cannot be done safely, or even fairly, with the technology
as it stands today.
In
closing, we cite a KMUW (Wichita, Kansas) radio report interview of USGS geophysicist
Justin Rubinstein. In FMV’s opinion,
this passage shows , in part, why injection should not take place in the first
place, since it is unknown whether or when earthquakes will stop if injection
is halted. According to the report:
“One last thing I want to ask is the long-term effect. Even if this
wastewater injection stops, can there be lingering issues?
There’s no clear answer, is the short answer. In some areas where we’ve seen
termination of injection, we’ve seen the seismicity disappear within weeks. In
other areas, the seismicity has lasted for years. And really, the classic case
of injection-induced seismicity [is] at the Rocky Mountain Arsenal outside of
Denver, earthquakes persisted for over a decade after injection terminated. And
in fact, the largest earthquake to occur, which was a magnitude 4.9 there,
happened a year after injection stopped. So, just stopping injection isn’t a
quick-fix solution. Most of the time, it really does appear to dramatically
reduce earthquake rates. But it doesn’t always fix the problem immediately.”[26]
According
to an article in Scientific American:
“Even if Oklahoma
shut down all its wells today, many experts say the quakes would continue. ‘We’re
trying to calculate how much energy is in the system right now and how long it
may continue on—and at the current earthquake rate the numbers are very big,’
says Daniel McNamara, a seismologist at the USGS Geologic Hazards Science
Center in Golden, Colo.
Pressed for details, he
paused. Then he added: ‘It’s hundreds of years.’ "[27]
It is obvious that induced earthquakes
are nothing to toy with, especially when there are great risks to public health
and safety. According to scientist Won -Young
Kim:
“Although we do
not know the WSW-ENE extent of the fault(s) in the Youngstown area, it is
possible that continued injection of fluid at Northstar 1 well could have
triggered potentially large and damaging earthquakes.”[28]
A very moving, informative news report from
Oklahoma tells the story of Jackie Dill whose home suffered extensive damage
due to man-made earthquakes. According to the news report quoting Jackie:
“’I'm really fighting
the tears because I've done a lot of crying trying to figure out, what am I
going to do? What am I going to do? And if there's me, there's so many other
people. It's not just me, it's not just my story, it's thousands of stories,’
Dill says. ‘It's our homes, it's where we live, it's my heart and it's ripping
it apart, that's what it's doing.’”[29]
It is unfair
to make certain individuals or communities bear the costs and risks of induced
seismicity. There is no economic or
social benefit to them. There are only costs, and it is too high a price for
communities or individuals to pay.
Could additional serious damage occur if
Ohio keeps allowing the injection of massive amounts of waste fluids? What protects the
property rights of the people living nearby and in the surrounding communities
that would be impacted if an earthquake or water contamination occurred? Who
will pay if there is earthquake damage to property or injuries?
The
amount of waste being produced by the oil and gas industry is unprecedented; therefore,
many questions remain regarding its safe handling or “disposal.” There are too
many unknowns and disturbing “knowns.” We believe fracking waste injection is
abnormally dangerous or an ultrahazardous activity, especially as it is being
permitted in inappropriate places such as near homes, farms, or small
businesses. Industry and “regulators” know,
or should know, the well-established science and possible consequences of
induced seismicity, yet some of them seem to think they can permit or operate
injection wells without regard, or with little regard, for public health and
safety implications.
For
some industry people who might say that the U.S. EPA has given high marks to
Ohio’s Class II Underground Injection Control (UIC) program, FMV counters that the EPA has
recently been criticized in a February, 2016 U.S. Government Accountability
Office (GAO) report for not doing enough to protect water from injection well
waste. According to an April 12, 2016 article in USA Today by Ian James of The
Desert Sun, “The EPA has not consistently carried out oversight of programs
that regulate injection wells where oil and natural gas companies send streams
of wastewater into the ground, and therefore is unable to properly assess
whether sources of drinking water are being protected across the country, the
Government Accountability Office said in a report to members of
Congress. “ [30] This GAO report might make some people question
EPA’s positive assessment of Ohio’s injection well program.
We
emphasize that we don’t want just a decrease in the number or severity of
induced earthquakes. We want to prevent and stop them. To us, that means stopping injection, especially
before any unknown faults are destabilized by fluid injection.
If
so-called “regulators” cannot control induced earthquakes with certainty, and
they cannot with the current state-of-the-art knowledge, they have no business
permitting injection wells in the first place, especially in highly populated,
residential areas near family homes, schools, farms, parks or forests. The risks to public health, safety, and
well-being are too high to accept.
People living anywhere are not expendable.
If we act proactively, we have a chance
to prevent an unacceptable increase in man-made earthquakes and to protect our
drinking water sources and the public health, safety, and well-being.
It is clear that there must be no
injection permitted at Collins #6 and Vienna, Ohio. We ask you, ODNR Chief Simmers, to follow
your own reasoning, as you did in the Khalil well and AWMS Weathersfield/Niles well
situations, and deny the permits.
Denying the permits is the right and
moral thing to do to protect the public interest.
The
Facebook event page for the prayer service/vigil and informational rally is
here: https://www.facebook.com/events/135847816841429/?active_tab=posts
Thank
you to Teresa Mills of CHEJ for her research and concepts used in this report.
For media inquiries or for more
information:
234-201-0402
NOTE: initial protest of this operation was February 2012, see details here:
https://frackfreemahoning.blogspot.com/2012/02/sunday-lesson-missed-on-loving-thy.html
Notes
[1]
“Coitsville trustees seek meeting with ODNR on township injection wells,” The
Vindicator, June 28, 2016, http://www.vindy.com/news/2016/jun/28/coitsville-trustees-seek-meeting-odnr-township-inj/
[2]
Karl Henkel, “D&L faced violations in its past But state reports fewer
problems at its well sites in recent years,” The Vindicator, January 2,
2012, http://www.vindy.com/news/2012/jan/02/by-karl-henkel/
[3]
Kristine Uhlman and Dick McCracken, 1994, “Abandoned Brine Solution Mining
Wells at a RCRA Facility: Compliance Concerns, Conference Proceeding, Eastern
Regional Ground Water Issues, NGWA-Burlington, Vermont.
[4]
Ed Runyan, “Study says Weathersfield earthquake and injection well are linked,”
The Vindicator, February 17, 2015, http://www.vindy.com/news/2015/feb/17/new-study-links-well-near-niles-to-quake/
; Also see: Aaron Marshall, “Youngstown
earthquakes raise issues on oilfield wastes from shale exploration,” The Plain Dealer, updated January 16, 2012, http://www.cleveland.com/open/index.ssf/2012/01/earthquake_raises_issues_on_oi.html
[5]
Robert J. Skoumal, Michael R. Brudzinski, and Brian S. Currie, “Microseismicity
Induced by Deep Wastewater Injection in Southern Trumbull County, Ohio,”
Seismological Research Letters, Volume 86, Number 5 September/October
2015, http://srl.geoscienceworld.org/content/86/5/1326
[6] “Owner can appeal injection well shut down
since Weathersfield earthquake,” WFMJ TV, June 21, 2016, updated June 26,
2016, http://www.wfmj.com/story/32274028/owner-can-appeal-injection-well-shut-down-since-weathersfield-earthquake
[7]
Includes news video: “Wastewater storage tank goes up in flames
near Greeley,” Fox 31 Denver, April 17, 2015,
http://kdvr.com/2015/04/17/report-lightning-strike-sparks-oil-tank-fire-near-greeley-airport/ Also see: “Fracking Wastewater Tank
Explosion: Concerns Over Contaminated Water Reaching Farms,” CBS Denver 4,
April 18, 2015, http://denver.cbslocal.com/2015/04/18/fracking-wastewater-tank-explosion-concerns-over-contaminated-water-reaching-farms/#.VTO4G08eDgA.twitter
; Also see: presentation by Roxanne
Groff starting at minute 27:24 to 41:42,
“Ohio Injection Wells for O&G Wastewater,” published July 28, 2015,
CinePlex Rex, YouTube: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hFHZC2mfsRs The entire video is very enlightening.
[8]
[GAO Report:] “Drinking Water:
Safeguards Are Not Preventing Contamination From Injected Oil and Gas Wastes RCED-89-97,
Jul 5, 1989” http://www.gao.gov/products/RCED-89-97
[9] Derrick Lewis, “Hundreds attend public meeting on
Vienna oil spill,” 4/5/15, WKBN TV 27:
http://wkbn.com/2015/04/05/public-meeting-set-in-vienna-to-discuss-chemical-spill/ ; Also see: Shalefield Stories: A project of Friends of the Harmed, “Julie Barr: Location: Trumbull County, OH,” http://www.shalefieldstories.org/julie-barr.html
http://wkbn.com/2015/04/05/public-meeting-set-in-vienna-to-discuss-chemical-spill/ ; Also see: Shalefield Stories: A project of Friends of the Harmed, “Julie Barr: Location: Trumbull County, OH,” http://www.shalefieldstories.org/julie-barr.html
[10]
Video: “Weekend brine water spill
reported in Fowler,” WKBN TV report cited on Ohio Citizen Action, July 12, 2012, http://ohiocitizen.org/weekend-brine-water-spill-reported-in-fowler/
[11] “Three vehicle crash in Vienna Township,” August 1, 2013, Updated, August 11, 2013,
WFMJ – TV http://www.wfmj.com/story/23009955/three-vehicle-injury-crash-in ; See
also: “Semi rolls over in Brookfield,” WKBN TV 27, October 6, 2014, http://wkbn.com/2014/10/06/semi-rolls-over-in-brookfield/
[12]
The following compendium has excellent links
to studies and articles, including links related to Ohio induced earthquakes.
Especially see pages 81-95 for induced seismicity information: Concerned Health
Professionals of New York & Physicians for Social Responsibility. (2015,
October 14). Compendium of scientific, medical, and media findings
demonstrating risks and harms of fracking (unconventional gas and oil
extraction) (3rd ed.). http://concernedhealthny.org/compendium/
[13]
Laura Legere, “State studying link between fracking, Lawrence County
earthquakes,” Pittsburgh Post-Gazette, April 29, 2016, http://powersource.post-gazette.com/powersource/companies/2016/04/29/State-studying-link-between-fracking-and-Lawrence-County-earthquakes/stories/201604290099
[14] To see a
reference to a professional engineer’s remarks about the Long Run injection
well, near Marietta, Ohio, that may be linked to induced earthquakes, see page
9, paragraph 29, of the following
document: PDF
uploaded document: “Before
the Oil & Gas Commission,” American Water
Management Services, LLC vs Division of
Oil & Gas Resources Management; Appeal Nos. 889 & 890, Review of
Chief’s Orders 2014-372 & 2014 – 374 (AWMS #2 Well); FINDINGS, CONCLUSIONS
AND ORDER OF THE COMMISSION, Date Issued: August 12, 2015:
www.tribtoday.com/pdf/news/641710_1.pdf ; For links to Long Run injection well information (YouTube
videos) and Weathersfield/Niles injection wells information and videos, see:
Marc Kovac, Dix Capital Bureau, March 11, 2015, “Hearing begins on Trumbull
County injection well,” The Daily Record at:
http://www.the-daily-record.com/local%20news/2015/03/11/hearing-begins-on-trumbull-county-injection-well
:
Google “Arthur on Weathersfield injection well 2 of 5” for Testimony by J.
Daniel Arthur, Chief Simmers, and others regarding the Weathersfield injection
well, etc. These YouTube videos are
posted by OhioCapitalBlog, March 12, 2015.
[15]
Jeffrey L. Fox, “Relocation of Earthquake Epicenters Associated With a Class-1
Injection Well, Ashtabula Ohio,” 2004, Advisor, Michael C. Hansen, http://hdl.handle.net/1811/38974
The Ohio State University Department of Geological Sciences Senior Thesis, https://kb.osu.edu/dspace/handle/1811/38974
[16] To see an important discussion of
the 1986 Painesville, Ohio magnitude 5.0 earthquake, see pages 1014-1015 of the
PDF at the following url: A. McGarr, 2014, “Maximum magnitude earthquakes
induced by fluid injection,” J. Geophys. Res. Solid Earth, 119, 1008-1019, doi:
10.1002/2013JB010597 http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/2013JB010597/abstract ; Also see: James Risen and Stephanie Droll, “Great Lakes
Area Jolted by 5.0 Earthquake,” Los Angeles Times, February 01, 1986, http://articles.latimes.com/1986-02-01/news/mn-2945_1_great-lakes
[17]
“Earthquakes in Ohio,” by Michael C. Hansen, Updated 2015, EL 9., ODNR Division of Geological Survey,
Educational Leaflet (EL) Series, http://geosurvey.ohiodnr.gov/publications-maps-data/free-downloads/educational-leaflets
[18]
Jeffrey L. Fox, “Relocation of Earthquake Epicenters Associated With a Class-1
Injection Well, Ashtabula Ohio,” 2004, Advisor, Michael C. Hansen,
http://hdl.handle.net/1811/38974 The Ohio State University Department of
Geological Sciences Senior Thesis, page 11.
https://kb.osu.edu/dspace/handle/1811/38974
[19]
Jeffrey L. Fox, “Relocation of Earthquake Epicenters Associated With a Class-1
Injection Well, Ashtabula Ohio,” 2004, Advisor, Michael C. Hansen,
http://hdl.handle.net/1811/38974 The Ohio State University Department of
Geological Sciences Senior Thesis, page 24.
https://kb.osu.edu/dspace/handle/1811/38974
[20]
Mike Costarella, “Who’s At Fault?” Vindy.com, March 13, 2012, http://www.vindy.com/weblogs/shale-sheet-fracking/2012/mar/13/whos-fault/
[21] Page 12, PDF
uploaded document: “Before
the Oil & Gas Commission,” American Water
Management Services, LLC vs Division of
Oil & Gas Resources Management; Appeal Nos. 889 & 890, Review of Chief’s
Orders 2014-372 & 2014 – 374 (AWMS #2 Well); FINDINGS, CONCLUSIONS AND
ORDER OF THE COMMISSION, Date Issued: August 12, 2015: www.tribtoday.com/pdf/news/641710_1.pdf
[22]
Will Drabold, “Scientists study Ohio’s quakes, fracking,” The Columbus
Dispatch, March 16, 2014.
[23]
Frackfree Mahoning Valley Press release of February 9, 2016. Links to ODNR documents can be found here: http://frackfreemahoning.blogspot.com/2016/02/deny-permit-ohio-fracking-waste-injection-well-seismic-activity-also-oklahoma-shakedown-feb12-youngstown.html
[24]
Laura Legere, Pittsburgh Post-Gazette, “State seismic network helps tell
fracking quakes from natural ones,” June 26, 2016, http://powersource.post-gazette.com/powersource/policy-powersource/2016/06/26/State-seismic-network-helps-tell-fracking-quakes-from-natural-ones/stories/201606210014
[25]
Julia Rosen, “Huge study links wastewater injection wells to earthquakes,”
Science, June 18, 2015, http://www.sciencemag.org/news/2015/06/huge-study-links-wastewater-injection-wells-earthquakes
[26]
Includes audio, KMUW Wichita, Kansas 89.1, “Wichita’s NPR Station,” “Q&A:
Geophysicist Discusses Kansas Earthquakes,” by Sean Sandefur, June 24, 2016, http://kmuw.org/post/qa-geophysicist-discusses-kansas-earthquakes
[27]
Anna Kuchment, “Drilling for Earthquakes,” Scientific American,” March 28,
2016, http://www.scientificamerican.com/article/drilling-for-earthquakes/
[28]
Won-Young Kim, “Induced seismicity associated with fluid injection into a deep
well in Youngstown, Ohio,” July 19, 2013, Journal of Geophysical Research,
Solid Earth, Volume 118, Issue 7, July 2013, Pages 3506-3518, http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/jgrb.50247/full
[29]
Includes news video: Leslie Rangel, “Experts
say it’s only a matter of time before the ‘big one’ shakes Oklahoma,” KFOR News
Channel 4, KFOR.com, November 23, 2015,
http://kfor.com/2015/11/23/only-a-matter-of-time-before-the-big-one-shakes-oklahoma/
[30] Ian James, The Desert Sun, in USA Today,
“Audit: EPA lax guarding drinking water from energy waste, USA Today, April 12,
2016, http://www.usatoday.com/story/news/2016/04/12/report-epa-lax-protecting-drinking-water-energy-waste/82931146/
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